Extreme heat and air pollution kill!

Tag: Climate Science

Useful links

Learn about Multilevel Models

How weather models work?

A good discussion forum focused on the issues of climate

Know some limitations of weather prediction models

what a Nobel Prize winner has to say on climate change

A cool animation of global wind patterns

Visualize present and future weather data at Ventusky

Live animation of true color GOES image over California

Some cool videos in science

Some climate change lessons and videos from Pacific Institute for Climate Solutions

Know about climate model resolution from this GFDL page

Visualize vectors and mathematical function

Learn about Navier-Stokes Equations

Some interesting papers in Climate:

Global climate model violate scaling of the observed atmospheric variability

Research resources:

How to write a great research article? Tips from this Nature page

Data analysis and visualization:

Data visualization with NASA/Giovanni tool for several available model and reanalysis datasets

Latest data visualization tool, similar to Giovanni but more powerful: Climate Engine

PhD: concluding remarks

When I was a kid, I never dreamed of earning a PhD. All I wanted was to study more and more. So I just followed the course of the river. I didn’t know or care whether the destination is ocean or something else.

When I became an adult, I knew that the society where I was brought up highly revered a PhD. So I had thought that I will also some day do a PhD.

We can plan something but not everything. That is what I have experienced. PhD thought came into my mind when my supervisor at Masdar Institute came to my desk one day. He showed a small ad in an AGU newsletter about a PhD position at UT Austin. I didn’t want to let down my supervisor so I applied. In fact, that was the only place where I applied. Until then, I had only thought of returning back to Nepal and rejoining my low-paid but highly revered ‘engineer’ position. I was not sure about it even after I got the offer. I really didn’t know that UT-Austin was a good ranking Tier 1 university until I posted about this offer in my Facebook page. The comments reflected that UT Austin is a great place. My perceptions got changed. I decided to pursue.

I was about to give up soon after I started my research at UT Austin. I was hit really hard in one of the group meeting. Not only by my supervisor but also by my colleagues. I felt the lowest of my life on that day. But soon I realized that it was because the standard and quality of research was much higher than I expected.

I was very busy taking 3 courses at that time and it was very hard to manage time for research. A few colleagues had already failed in their qualifying exams. So I many times felt that it was a wrong decision to pursue a PhD. My health was also not favoring me; I had been diagnosed with celiac disease (allergic to gluten). I very much regretted for leaving my government job of an Engineer back in Nepal.

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So there were only two options. Do or die. It is the same thing but a different tone is used in research: publish or perish. But as I interacted more and more with my colleagues and knew about research, I realized that we all were on the same boat. So I decided to continue. I worked harder. Time was not a problem for me because I was married single at that time. Weekends and holidays then meant more research. No wonder, my eye power kept on increasing at a rate of 0.25 per year.

Things started getting better. Qualifying exam was a great success.

I was still not comfortable in the world of research. I tried to avoid people who criticized my work. But later I realized that I can’t escape anywhere in research. You can’t escape your peers. You can’t escape your experts in your field. Most importantly you can’t escape the reviewers of you papers. It took little longer for me to realize that such interactions, feedback, comments, etc. are actually good things.

I never thought that I would be able to graduate in three and half years. But it happened. I worked hard and it got reflected. One of the reason for this success is also that I didn’t waste any of my work at UT Austin, not even the class projects. I always kept the main research topic in my mind before I started any class projects. So all of those activities later became part of my dissertation.

My daughter was born in the last year of my PhD. And the degree of ‘father’ means no less than PhD to me. Indeed, graduate study is when many people get engaged, married, or have their first kids.

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With my adviser(to my right), co-adviser(to my left), and examination committee members after the defense on April 15, 2016.

The most important thing that I realized during my PhD study is that learning is a never-ending process. Initially, I really thought that research is or has to be flawless. But I was totally wrong on that. There can be many flaws in your research. That is exactly why we discuss the limitation in the end of a research paper. PhD makes us understand this reality in depth.

I also realized that we can’t be successful in PhD just by gaining knowledge. We have to develop some conscience too. Knowledge without conscience is indeed dangerous.

When I was a child, I believed that if something is written in a text book, it must be true. I believed everything I read in a book. But now, I trust nothing other than my conscience. I now not only buy the conclusions of a research but the wholeness of it, with its limitations and assumptions. After all, a theory is only true until the assumptions are true.

In our research, we try to model the earth system. Modeling the earth system is indeed overwhelmingly complex. Even a grain of sand is very much complex to model, let alone the whole Earth. We must simplify many physical processes. We have to make many assumptions. So sometimes it can be frustrating too. But the beauty of research is that we understand little more everyday than yesterday. The beauty of research is in seeking, not in gaining something.

13288124_179159015813437_1353670647_oWith my wife Sirjana and daughter Nova on graduation day, May 21, 2016.

As I look at my Tam hanging on the wall, my heart leaps up with pride realizing that I received the highest degree possible in an academic world. But as I look out of the window and see the wonders of the nature, my heart bows down realizing that there is so much more to explore. I am still not sure how much knowledge I gained during my PhD but I know with certainty that I know very little.

Finally, what does this degree really mean? This degree reflects the knowledge of many people, knowledge that is passed down through generations. I am merely a carrier of this knowledge. It also reflects the aspirations of many people; my family, my teachers, my friends, and many anonymous others. It is an outcome of their good wishes.

Post originally posted on May 23, 2016. 

Satellite data: an overly underused resource

Satellite data have greatly contributed in improving our understanding of Earth’s climate. We have several climate models but, without satellite data, we don’t know how they are performing. Without the satellite data, we don’t know how far is our imagination from reality. Satellite data provide us the realistic boundary conditions. Without the boundaries, our theory may easily turn into a fiction.

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Several satellites fly above us everyday. They are watching us. They are recording our behavior. They are indeed CCTV in large scale. They are recording human activities. We have done many things unconsciously in the past. We have emitted environmental pollutants. We have polluted ocean and water bodies. We have cut down trees. But now it is all documented. If you emit pollution or exploit natural resource, you may have to appear in the court one day.

A lot of data has been generated by various satellites. There is a lot of data. Tremendous amount of data. But, unfortunately, only a fraction of this data has been really used, for some useful purpose.

Take an example of surface reflectance data which are available from MODIS and other satellites. Reflectance basically measures how the surface properties change over time. In fact, Earth’s surface records a lot of things, much more things than what you think right now. When it rains, it gets recorded. When the surface gets dried, it is recorded. When it is very cold, it is recorded. When it is very hot, it is recorded. When a hurricane happens, it is of course recorded. When there is flooding, it is indeed recorded. When an asteroid falls, why would it not record it? Deforestation is surely recorded. Even information about day, night, and Earth’s rotation all are recorded. What is not recorded? Everything. Just everything. In a single reflectance data, you will find everything you need. You just need to change your perspective. You will see a lot of information hiding in the data set.

It is only because of our poor creativity that we are sending satellites one after another. Otherwise, we can extract myriad of useful information that we need just from a single data set. We just need some skill to decode that information. We just need a creatively advanced algorithm to extract the required signal from the data. We will benefit more from our satellite data if we spend more time developing algorithms that can extract the various useful signals in a data set.

The possibilities of using satellite data are endless. We just need to be creative. Do not search in Google Scholar for what others have already done with the data. If you do so, you will only reproduce what others have already done. Ask yourself. How can you use the data to manifest your inner passion? Think differently. Creativity will emerge, from within you.

Who said that vegetation data can’t be used to study the fires? We just need to understand the connection. Creativity is within us. To be creative, we have to believe in our own capacity first. The only difference between we and Einstein is that Einstein believed in himself but we didn’t. The exact same intelligence resides within each of us. It is only a question of how much we allow it to come out. To the one who believes in himself/herself, possibilities are endless.

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